Substance Abuse in Pregnant Women Essay - 1860 Words

â€Å"Crack-babies† a media induced phenomena brought about by the climax of public outcry from the results of the 1980’s war on drugs. This term laid the foundation for biased prosecutions which sparked a political crusade during climate of the time. Thus exploiting the public’s fear of children born to substance addicted mother and creating a firestorm of litigation to prosecute pregnant drug addicts. According to Flavin, Paltrow (2010), current evidence points to public stigmas and prejudice as posing a greater danger to both maternal and fetal health than use of the drug itself. Leaving the question as to why addicted women are still publicly reviled for the outcomes of their circumstances. From this abhorrence stems the likelihood that†¦show more content†¦The rationality of those who support the punishment of addicted mothers focus on the idea that maternal conduct could lead to potential detrimental effects upon the fetus and that prosecution of s uch behavior would serve as both retribution for the fetus and as a deterrent. Whereas those who advocate for the pregnant women view this rational as not only impermissible but also unconstitutional as in current legal standing the fetus has no rights that usurp those of the pregnant woman (Stone-Manista, 2009, pp.823-856). Advocates also suggests that the breadth of forces that lead to drug use in pregnant women have a prevalent cultural and social foundation that the proponents for deterrence and retribution ignore in favor of strict scrutiny. This conflict between women’s rights and fetal rights has caused a paradigm in the prosecution of pregnant drug users as the interpretation of criminal sanctions argues over the definition of ‘child’ as encompassing fetuses in the definition would then lay the foundation for punishment for a woman’s conduct during pregnancy (Stone-Magnets, 2009, pp.823-856). Though currently it is unconstitutional and legally impe rmissible to prosecute women with state child abuse statutes in regards to drug use during pregnancy; advocates of fetal rights continue to followShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Pregnant Women Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesforever. My shadowing experience persuaded me to change my choice of major to nursing. I learned how substance abuse in pregnant women can affect an infant. I realized that I would have a direct influence on people’s lives. My experience shadowing in a hospital and seeing a real â€Å"crack baby† helped me realize that I wanted to change my major to Nursing, made me aware of substance abuse in pregnant women and how it affects babies, and it help me see that I wanted to help individuals directly and handsRead MoreSubstance Abuse During Pregnancy?952 Words   |  4 Pages Substance abuse during pregnancy can range in variation from prescription drugs to non-prescription drugs to even alcohol. Substance abuse is more common during pregnancy than most people realize. This type of abuse is more common amongst pregnant women. Most the time substance abuse is hard to find in women. Pregnant women who go through substance abuse usually don’t seek any medical help. If an expecting mother uses any kind of drug it can result in many complications. Some complications thatRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 PagesMany women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatmentRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby W hile During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into whyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion924 Words   |  4 Pages Substance abuse with pregnant women is a situation that is being ignored in the United States. There are many pregnant woman in the United States who are abusing illegal substances without any prosecution. Allowing these women to do so causes major defects on the babies and the mothers get no serious punishment for their actions. This issue is similar to the argument on whether abortion should be legal or not, because both situations can kill the baby while it’s still in the womb. Women who useRead Mor eAddicted To Drugs Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAddicted to Drugs: Should we Charge Mothers with Child Abuse? In the United States we have been facing an epidemic with opioid use and addiction. According to The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the rate of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) have increased from 7 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2004 to 27 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2013. NAS is a syndrome that happens when a baby is exposed to drugs in the womb. To go alongRead MorePrevention of Alcohol Abuse Among Pregnant Women1306 Words   |  5 PagesPrevention of Alcohol abuse among pregnant women Introduction The drug abuse menace has been indicated to be one of the leading factors that negatively affect people at whatever stage of life right from the fetus stage to the fully grown baby and the adulthood. Of greater interest in this case is the persistent and ever increasing abuse of alcohol among other substances among pregnant women and teenagers in particular. There are repercussions that come with the alcohol abuse and there is thereforeRead MoreShould a Pregnanat Woman Be Punished for Exposing Her Fetus to Risk?1071 Words   |  5 PagesShould a pregnant woman be punished for exposing her fetus to risk? The question about whether pregnant women are liable for subjecting their unborn children to risk has yet to be properly addressed. One state South Carolina has been on the forefront of this issue. The Supreme Court in South Carolina in 1997 in the case Whitner vs. South Carolina decided that pregnant women who exposed their viable fetuses may be persecuted under the state child abuse laws. This action was specifically targetingRead MoreWhy Pregnant Substance Abuse Should Be Treated As A Major Issue1441 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons why pregnant substance abuse should be treated as a major issue. The effects of substance abuse on the mother, fetus, and the overall pregnancy can range from none to extremely harmful. Women who use drugs during their pregnancy commonly give birth to â€Å"crack babies† or â€Å"drug babies†. These babies can have developmental disabilities or other birth defects. The mother may give birth to a premature infant, underweight infant, or even have a stillborn birth. The drug use of a pregnant woman hasRead MoreThe Condition Of Homelessness For A Pregnant Woman890 Words   |  4 Pageshomelessness for a pregnant woman creates all kinds of complexities to their care. The Nurse-Family Partnership and Invest in Kids program in Denver is a provider dedicated to forming relationships with patients and sending skilled nurses to help at risk mothers and their children. The health assessment needs of homeless pregnant women revolve greatly around prenatal health, nutrition, mental health, substance abuse and physical abuse screenings. A very important issue with homeless pregnant women is lack of

The Metamorphosis By Frank Kafka - 849 Words

The Metamorphosis is a short novella written by Frank Kafka during the 20th century Modernism period. The Modern period introduced technological advances like the steam engine; the telephone and telegraph connected humans from different regions and help improve the human experience. Although the increase of these technological devices led to an improvement of the human condition it also led to the production of dangerous weapons and modern warfare. Global conflicts ravaged modern life due to increasing shifts in political powers. WW1 and WW2 were major conflicts that yielded death and caused many individuals to experience isolation and loneliness. Many writers during the 20th century conveyed that spirit of isolation and despair within the arts of literature. Kafka’s The Metamorphosis expressed the true nightmarish and unpleasant aspects of modern life. A predominant theme that appears throughout Kafka’s Metamorphosis is the feeling of isolation within the family. Grego r’s metamorphosis caused a psychological distance between him and his family. After Gregor’s transformation, he looks at his room and feels somewhat uncomfortable. He expresses his room as â€Å"regular human room,† not meant for insects or recently transformed ones. After Gregor’s change, he alienates himself from his family and continues to imprison himself within his room. His metamorphosis eventually separates him from any aspect of humanity. Kafka’s usage of isolation within the Metamorphosis relates to hisShow MoreRelatedMetamorphosis by Frank Kafka875 Words   |  4 PagesFrank Kafka’s short story Metamorphosis involves an element of horror derived from the unchallenged acceptance provided by everyone, including Gregor himself to his transformation into a vermin- cockroach. Kafka, renowned for his surrealism, tries to create a universe where a seemingly unrealistic reality containing chaos, corruption and immorality, is in fact reali ty, and an actually consistent perception of the truly horrid nature of human existence under the influence of society. Set against theRead MoreMetamorphosis, By Frank Kafka941 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, Metamorphosis, Frank Kafka tells the story of a dysfunctional family that becomes even more dysfunctional when their son, Gregor, transforms into a cockroach. Before and after his transformation, Gregor has a variety of identity and self-esteem issues. Through his transformation, many of these issues are maximized. He begins to not know who he is anymore, and he is disgusted by the fact that he has turned into a hideous creature, both figuratively and literally. This is demonstratedRead More The Metamorphosis- Critical Essay718 Words   |  3 Pages Frank Kafka is considered one of the most influential writers of all time. Helmut Richter would agree with this statement. Richter agreed that Kafka was a very prominent figure in world literature and was amazed by his mechanics and word usage. I feel that his essay is supportive of Kafka’s writing, but also leaves out many important details in its brevity. Richter did not include Kafka’s flaws and tendencies in his essay. Helmut Richter analyzed the plot of The Metamorphosis in his essay. He depictsRead MoreExploration of the Common Ground Occupied by the Metamorphosis and the Wasp Factory.996 Words   |  4 PagesMetamorphosis by Franz Kafka explores the troubles of a young man named Gregor. The Wasp Factory explores the troubles of a young man named Frank. In Metamorphosis, the protagonist in the story is Gregor Samsa. He is a travelling salesman who awakes one morning to discover he has turned into an insect. It seems that Gregors only use purpose in life is to work and support his family; this seems his own concern when he finds himself as an insect. The next train went at seven oclock; to catchRead MoreMetamorphosis Psychoanalysis1630 Words   |  7 PagesBryan Leung Professor Feindert ENGWR 301 9 April 2014 A Psychoanalytical Criticism of The Metamorphosis The deeper meaning of â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, by Frank Kafka, can be interpreted in many ways depending on critical theory is used to examine it. From a feminist criticism, one can observe how Gregor’s dominance as a male diminishes after he becomes a bug as his sister’s strength and role in the family grows stronger. From a biographical criticism, one can compare and contrast the traits of GregorRead MoreThe True Metamorphosis1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka offers much to be critiqued, including the reason why Gregor Samsa was transformed into a hideous beetle. The truth is Gregor had put himself into a position of demise long ago. Over the years, he had worked himself into both physical and mental exhaustion. Gregor was the sole provider, and eventually his family grew less appreciative of him. His relationship with his family had gone south. They were no longer as close, and it were asRead MoreExistentialism By Frank Kafk Isolation And Desperation1207 Words   |  5 PagesExistentialism can be defined in a multitude of forms. Frank Kafka was a prominent, influential German-language writer of novels and short stories; one of which includes The Metamorphosis. His distinguishing philosophy of existentialism consists of two main concepts: isolation and desperation. The notion of alienation is a fundamental theme that is condensed throughout the short story. Gregor Samsa, main character and protagoni st of The Metamorphosis, goes through a complete physical transfiguration thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In the morning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ verminous bug.† In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the opening sentence introduces the main character, event and the setting. Gregor Samsa is one of the only two characters who are addressed by name, this reflects his importance in the story because he is the protagonist and he plays a central role in the lives of his family and friends. Besides introducing the central character, this opening line has a dramatic impact on readers. It draws the reader straight to Gregor Samsa’sRead MoreMetamorphosis By Frank Kafk The Transformation Of The Rest Of His Family1651 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment, on financial issues and social status; briefly, we are dependent creatures, where we depend on one level to another. In Metamorphosis by â€Å"Frank Kafka†, there are some major actions, transformations, and explanations that are dramatic events in this novella. The transformation of Gregor Samsa leads to the transformation of the rest of his family. Gregor’s metamorphosis into an enormous insect and the thoughts, the replications and feelings this deep change causes in him on the first day. Gregor’sRead MoreThe Most Influential Writers Of The Twentieth Century1806 Words   |  8 PagesThrough out Frank Kafka’s life he wrote many German novels and short stories. Kafka has been known to be one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. From Kafka’s writing he shows that what we go through influences in our life influences what we write and how we write and that sometimes the things we go through are so hard that we need to write in allegory. He was born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia. He was born into a middle class German speaking Jewish family and was the eldest of

Dropout From High School And The Consequences Of Their...

This project will explore the many issues that are associated with students that dropout from high school and the consequences of their actions. We will look at the percentages of adults that have dropped out and what states have the highest amount. We will also look at how dropping out from high school affects the earning potential of adults that did not finish high school. We will also look what percentage is highest among who fail to finish high school among ethnic groups. In high schools across America the dropout rate has sky rocketed over the past years. Over a million of the students who enter ninth grade each fail to graduate with their peers four years later. Indeed, about seven thousand students quit school day. As the case may be, this statistic was common fifty years ago, but the times have changed in which a high school dropout could earn a living wage. Dropouts greatly curtail their likelihood to achieve a good job and a bright future. However, not only do the people th emselves suffer, but each class of dropouts is responsible for extraordinary economic and community costs along with the state and country in which that reside. Although graduation rates are a basic indicator of how schools are fundamentally achieving, only a short while ago have those rates been harshly analyzed and the amount of the disaster in America‘s high school been shown. For years, schools and districts announced ambiguous or false graduation rates, and as a consequence, the AmericanShow MoreRelatedAlternative Education For High School Dropouts1698 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative Education for High School Dropouts Allison V. Alvizuri University of La VerneAbstract This study examined high school dropouts and what the long term consequences, major factors, and characteristics of a student who drops out are.The findings suggest that a school counselor plays an integral role in keeping students in school or finding an alternative choice to finish their education. Effective school program such as Opportunities for Learning Public Charter Schools has been identified asRead MoreThe Results Of Raising The Dropout Age1517 Words   |  7 PagesKeys 1 The Results of Raising the Dropout Age Obtaining an education is essential in today’s society. Most students who attend school on a regular basis usually succeed in life. On the other hand, many students fail to attend school every day which can lead to problems in schools. However, some students have acceptable reasons for dropping out. As a result, a student’s punctuality can ultimately alter his or her education. On that note, dropping out of high school can affect an individual in manyRead MoreIncrease High School Graduation Rates Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesIncrease High School Graduation Rates Did you know that 1.2 million high school students drop out of school every year just in the United States alone (11 Facts)? The decrease of high school graduation rates is a fairly important issue, and there are plenty of reasons to propose a change. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the current standard dropout rate of high school students is 7.4%. High school dropouts encounter way more difficulties and challenges than a high school graduateRead MoreUnintended Pregnancy Prevention Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagespregnancies, it will decrease pregnancy rates among teenagers and decrease high school dropout rates. Opponents dont think teenagers should be able to use the birth control pill because it does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases. This is absolutely true, however, the birth control pill is there to release synthetic hormones of estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation, keeping a teenager, or any female for that matter, from getting pregnant because if she doesnt ovulate there is no egg toRead MoreHigh School Dropouts: Cause and Prevention1865 Words   |  8 PagesHigh School Dropouts Outline Thesis Statement: More and more students drop out each year. Those who dropped out have various reasons. The alarming rates of drop outs have led them to a bleak future wherein such incident requires the attention and immediate action of various school authorities. a. Major factors for leaving school • Was not motivated or inspired • Classes were not interesting • Missed too many days and could not catch up • Spent time with people who were not interested inRead MoreWheels Behind Bars1060 Words   |  5 Pagesfreshman year of college for manslaughter. Elijah did fifteen years of time and is now on probation. Elijah is stigmatized for his actions he once committed fifteen years ago and suffers the consequences his action caused. Growing up in a neighborhood where crime rate and social disorganization existed contributed to Elijah’s actions. Elijah’s friends were high school dropouts, sold drugs at the corner of the neighborhood and caused many ruckuses. Elijah has a disability; he is unable to walk, so growingRead MoreStudent Achievement Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pages Each year, children are failing in school. As the years progress, the number of children failing keep rising. In Closing the Achievement Gap, Kati Haycock, the Director of the Education Trust at the American Association for Higher Education, states Between 1970 and 1988, the achievement gap between African American and white students was cut in half, and the gap separating Latinos and whites declined by one-third. That progress came to a halt around 1988, however, and sinceRead MoreHigh School Dropout Rate Is A Real Problem1990 Words   |  8 Pages Situation of Dropouts The United States has been facing problems for years about high school dropouts. Dropping out high school is a real problem, because, in reality the students who graduate from high school are more successful than students who dropout. According to the authors Jonathan Jacob, Zohreh Eslami, and Lynne Walters, students, there are several factors that provide a framework for understanding why high school students dropouts (1). The general national dropout rate is betweenRead MoreThe Importance Of High School Sports1394 Words   |  6 PagesMany people say your high school or college years are the best years of your life. You can just go to class during the week and have fun with your friends on the weekends without having to worry about all the â€Å"real world† responsibilities. Many people also say that getting involved in school activities and participating in sports is what makes your high school journey worthwhile. Now, it’s expected that you’re going t o forget how to graph a trigonometric function or what the foundations of AmericanRead MoreHigh School Dropout Rates And Incarceration Rates1257 Words   |  6 Pageshave been taken to resolve the issues; however, the federal and state governments have yet to find a balance between school safety and education performance. Sociologists have studied the relationship between high school dropout rates and the increasing incarceration rates, that have been occurring within the last few decades. According to Thompson (2011; 23), â€Å"the nation’s public school system has been criminalized over the last forty years† resulting in poor academic performance of both students and

Police Organization Paper free essay sample

The organizations of the police agencies are hierarchical. Police institutions can be analyzed like organizations with several key components. These organizations are designed with rank structure, separate departments and units. These components work together to form a fully functioning law enforcement agency. Some examples of local agencies are city, county, town, and incorporated village police. These agencies work together in order to ensure safety at a local level. There are many different functions and roles of the local police agencies.Local police are expansible for performing many routine activities. The duties include patrolling the neighborhood community, enforcing the law, providing emergency services, conducting investigations, and upholding community relations. Local police are not responsible for enforcing the law outside their Jurisdiction and assistant is needed at a higher level. The state law enforcement agency is having the police powers for both traffic regulation and criminal investigations making sure all laws are carried out and the non-traffic violations are given to the State and is in their Jurisdiction. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Organization Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The State agency is in each state, which is higher than local agencies and also there are bureaus of criminal investigation while under the states Jurisdictions. The State police have many different responsibilities that eve include help from the local police as well. They are the ones who are in charge of the criminal investigation thought such as the criminal lab services (if the case requires it like drugs) They make sure all the laws are enforcement in their state and they tend to work actually very closely with the local police as well to accomplish the laws being followed and keeping us safe.Lastly, there is the highest, most powerful, but the smallest organizational group of the Federal Law Enforcement. They are held reliable and responsible for many different types of responsibilities. The Federal police are full-time officers dedicated to do typical enforcement of the laws and exceed that all laws are followed and to protect the services of the government. Each Role in the Federal police is different by the needs of the United States government and different by each state as well but the Federal Police make sure that all constitutio nal laws and local laws are followed.

Best Ways to Study According To Cognitive Psychologists

Introduction There has been heightened attention on the processes of learning from a psychological perspective. This is because there is need to optimize learning opportunities in order to gain maximally from the education system, which is coupled with shortage of time and other resources.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Best Ways to Study According To Cognitive Psychologists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many researchers have taken different angles of approach in addressing this issue. Whilst some are taking a broad approach by considering many variables, others are addressing specific variables. In order to come up with a concise and efficient method or model of learning effective for students, analysis, and review of these different researches becomes important. This paper deliberates on different suggestions proposed by different researchers regarding the best ways to study. It offers a rigorous a nalysis and review of their work from which, best study methods are proposed. I hope that learners find this paper very nourishing in optimizing their learning skills. Study-Test Combination Assessment tests in education are as old as the education system itself. Since time immemorial, tests have always been an important way of determining the degree of understanding of learned content. Many psychologists appreciate the importance of tests in enhancing cognition in learners. Tests provide means by which the brain allocates addresses to specific problems. Therefore, it becomes easy to retrieve the information stored in these memory allocations when similar problem is encountered. However â€Å"learning through testing† needs more specific and concise approach in order to reap its full benefits. It is claimed â€Å"a combination of study and tests is more effective than spending the same amount of time reviewing the material† (Rohrer Pashler, 2010 p. 2). This is in cont rast to what many learners and learning institutions do. It is recommended that learning and reviewing of materials be sandwiched with tests. Similarly, continuous assessment in learning institutions should be practiced. This way learning process is improved and content retention enhanced. It has also been observed that the type of test determines quality of learning process and the rate of retention of learned material. Tests requiring recalling of learned materials are more beneficial as compared to multiple-choice tests. Recalling tests have been found to improve information retrieving process.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spanning the Learning Period It does not come by surprise that conventional learning consists of short bursts of intense learning. This is because time, among other resources is very much limited. While this may seem like a solution to prevailing lea rning challenges, it undermines the very essence of learning. According to Rohrer Pashler â€Å"if a given amount of study time is distributed or spaced across multiple sessions rather than massed into a single session, performance on a delayed final test is improved† (Rohrer Pashler 2010, p. 3). When learning is done in a short spasm two main issues worth consideration arise. First, cognition is hampered since there is hardly any time to process all the learned materials within the given time. Secondly, the span in which such materials can be recalled is greatly reduced. Tests done to determine the effect of spacing learning period suggest that, relatively longer time spans enhance cognition and memory as well. It is therefore highly recommended that learning should not be taken in short bursts but rather distributed over a reasonable period in order to achieve a long lasting result. When spanning is coupled with continuous assessments, the overall cognition results are ev en more astounding. Interleaving The technique of interleaving refers to the idea of mixing up different pieces of information that needs to be learned. In conventional mode of learning, similar learning objects are presented in sequence such that learner gets more exposure and experience with these learning objects. Although this may seem to be a good way of improving cognition, it does not offer a long lasting learning effect since the materials are much more likely to be forgotten after a short period. In order to harness the logic potential of the brain, the interleaving concept needs to be incorporated in the learning process. Learning should begin by understanding different concepts, which are then mixed up. This makes it possible to identify and comprehend the different relationships that exist between the different concepts. Interleaving would certainly improve the learning process in mathematics. This is because different mathematical concepts are dependent. Additionally, m athematical concepts build up stepwise from simple to concepts that are more complex. Interleaving enhances understanding and logical thinking of the concepts. Consequently, this makes it possible to process similar or different problems in the future. Learners should endeavor to interleave different concepts rather than taking them as independent blocks of concepts. In fact, the power of logical reasoning is more powerful than memory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Best Ways to Study According To Cognitive Psychologists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conventional learning common in the field of mathematics and sciences present learning as a block and later present assessment tests at the end of these blocks. Whereas this may enhance understanding of that particular concept, it is important to incorporate previously learned concepts with the newly learned concept. This way, previously learned concept s will be more understood and the new concept will be easily understood since underlying foundation has already been recalled. Testing Effect Rohrer Pashler presented their argument into how test enhances learning by considering type of tests and test-learning combination as the main variables of their argument. However, Roediger Karpicke presented quite similar argument but using â€Å"test timing† as the main variable. In their test concept, â€Å"phenomenon of testing effect† they addressed the issue of timing of tests in the learning process in order to maximize the possible benefits. It is a common phenomenon in most education systems to have distinct time for learning and time for doing exams. However, many psychologists who claim that it hinders the process of continuous learning, which is more effective in the end, have criticized such setting. Roediger Karpicke suggest that tests should be well distributed throughout the learning period. In fact â€Å"If s tudents are tested on material and successfully recall or recognize it, they will remember it better in the future than if they had not been tested† (Roediger Karpicke, 2006, p. 2). It is important to consider the best way to do the timing of the tests for effective learning. They did a study in which they determined, among other factors the relationship between timing of the test and rate of retention. The overall results showed that short simple tests almost immediately after content has been read followed by more comprehensive test after considerable period greatly increased content retention capacity. It is thus suggested that tests should be incorporated in learning and most importantly done immediately and after the learning period. This will greatly enhance the learning process and the content learned will be retained for a long duration of time. Spaced Content Presentation Clustered presentation of concepts and learning content has been greatly criticized by Seabrook, Brown Solity. According to their research and study, distributed learning sessions realize better content retention as compared to clustered learning. They claim, â€Å"Effectiveness of teaching may be improved by increasing the degree to which lessons are distributed† (Seabrook, Brown Solity, 2005, p. 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spaced presentation calls for distribution of learning content over a number of lessons as opposed to presenting the whole content in a single sitting. For instance, short bursts of learning usually common in conferences, workshops, and seminars may only be retained for a short while. This can be compared to a concept that has been learned and developed throughout a given semester. In the latter case, learned concepts are stored in the memory for a very long time. It is indeed possible to argue that it is easier to comprehend and recall content that has been presented severally as compared to content presented once. According to the phenomenon, they term as â€Å"spacing effect† more memory will be allocated to sets of information that is consistently presented. From this theory, it can be deduced that learners need to configure their learning programs such that learning is not clustered. Learning should be taken as a continuous process in which new ideas build up stepwise in well-spaced learning periods. Instead of taking compact five-hour study sessions, the same can be divided into, say, five short learning sessions with each session being a buildup of the previous session. Mixing Mathematical Problems Mathematics is arguably one of the most difficult subjects in the world. In fact, countries such as U.S have devised proficiency assessment for mathematics through the no child left behind act (NCLB). The importance of mathematics cannot be underestimated and actually, robust approach to learning mathematics is needed. Taylor dedicated an article in discussing ways in which learning mathematics can be enhanced. Taylor suggests a unique methodology of addressing issues in learning mathematics. Mathematical problems and tests should be shuffled up rather than presenting specific set of problems for a given learned concept. Rohrer Pashler share the same sentiments in their interleaving theory. However, Taylor’s idea departs from the interleaving t heory by specifically addressing how to mix the mathematical problems and tests as compared to interleaving which suggests mixing of concepts while learning. The results of Taylor’s study favored â€Å"mixed grill† testing format over the conventional method. He claims â€Å"when practice problems relating to a given topic are spaced across multiple practice sets, a student who fails to understand a lesson (or fails to attend a lesson) will still be able to solve most of the problems within the following practice set†(Taylor, 2007, p. 15). The underlying cognitive psychology theory is that mixed problems prompts the brain to recall previously learned concepts and uses them to build up new ways of solving new problems. This prompts us to deduce that the best way to learn mathematics is not taking concepts as independent. Mixing up problems from previously learned concepts with newly, learned concepts will go a long way in enhancing learning mathematics and improv es retention capacity (Taylor, 2007). Overlearning The concept of overlearning is perhaps the most widely used learning approach. Although ubiquitous, overlearning approach certainly is counterproductive when long-term returns are considered. It may appear, as subject mastery when something is repeatedly done after the concept has been understood. Although many proponents of overlearning propose that it enhances retention, other research indicates otherwise. When long-term retention is the primary objective, then overlearning becomes counterproductive. After doing a rigorous study on relationship between overlearning and retention Rohrer et al found out that â€Å"overlearned 10 items were more often recalled than the poorly learned 20 items when participants were tested 1 week after learning, but this benefit disappeared by 4 weeks† (Rohrer et al., 2005, p. 10). It is thus safe to conclude that learning should be moderated such that overlearning does not occur. Learners shou ld aim for perfection and mastery of the subjects in question. This will have a long lasting content retention effect and hence more beneficial. Conclusion Learning is truly a multivariate concept that demands different ways of approach in order to harness the limited resources in learning. As it has been discussed, wide varieties of approaches to learning do exist. Testing should be incorporated in the learning process to enhance understanding of the concepts. Spaced rather than block presentation of learning content should be encouraged as it results to longer lasting retention. For mathematicians, mixed up mathematical problems are highly encouraged as it makes it possible to build up new concepts on top of the old ones hence better understanding and retention of learned concepts. Although overlearning may seem to be a good learning approach, it is not recommended for learners aiming for long term content retention results. When all this approaches are incorporated in, learning p rofound results are certain. References Roediger, H Karpicke, J. (2006). Test-Enhanced Learning. Psychological Science, 17: 249. Rohrer et al. (2005). The Effect of Overlearning on Long-Term Retention. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 19: 361–374. Rohrer, D and Pashler, H. (2010). Recent Research on Human Learning Challenges Conventional Instructional Strategies. Educational Researcher, 39: 406 Seabrook, R Brown, G. (2005). Distributed and Massed Practice: From Laboratory to Classroom. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 19: 107–122. Taylor, D. (2007). The shuffling of mathematics problems improves learning. Instr Sci, 35:481–498 This research paper on Best Ways to Study According To Cognitive Psychologists was written and submitted by user Marcus Valentine to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Lighthouse of Alexandria The famed Lighthouse of Alexandria, called Pharos, was built around 250 B.C.  to help mariners navigate the harbor of Alexandria in Egypt. It was truly a marvel of engineering, standing at least 400 feet tall, making it one of the tallest structures in the ancient world. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was also solidly built, standing tall for over 1,500 years, until it was finally toppled by earthquakes around 1375 A.D.  The Lighthouse of Alexandria was exceptional and considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Purpose The city of Alexandria was founded in 332 B.C.  by Alexander the Great. Located in Egypt, just 20 miles west of the Nile River, Alexandria was perfectly situated to become a major Mediterranean port, helping the city to flourish. Soon, Alexandria became one of the most important cities of the ancient world, known far and wide for its famous library. The only stumbling block was that mariners found it difficult to avoid the rocks and shoals when approaching Alexandria’s harbor. To help with that, as well as to make a very grand statement, Ptolemy Soter (Alexander the Great’s successor) ordered a lighthouse to be built. This was to be the first building ever built solely to be a lighthouse. It was to take approximately 40 years for the Lighthouse at Alexandria to be built, finally being finished around 250 B.C. Architecture There’s a lot we don’t know about the Lighthouse of Alexandria, but we do know what it looked like. Since the Lighthouse was an icon of Alexandria, its image appeared in many places, including on ancient coins. Designed by Sostrates of Knidos, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was a strikingly tall structure. Located on the eastern end of the island of Pharos near the entrance of Alexandria’s harbor, the Lighthouse was soon itself called â€Å"Pharos.† The Lighthouse was at least 450 feet high and made of three sections. The bottommost section was square and held government offices and stables. The middle section was an octagon and held a balcony where tourists could sit, enjoy the view, and be served refreshments. The top section was cylindrical and held the fire that was continually lit to keep mariners safe. At the very top was a large statue of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. Amazingly, inside this giant lighthouse was a spiraling ramp that led up to the top of the bottommost section. This allowed horses and wagons to carry supplies to the top sections. It is unknown what exactly was used to make the fire at the top of the Lighthouse. Wood was unlikely because it was scarce in the region. Whatever was used, the light was effective – mariners could easily see the light from miles away and could thus find their way safely to port. Destruction The Lighthouse of Alexandria stood for 1,500 years - an astounding number considering it was a hollowed out structure the height of a 40-story building. Interestingly, most lighthouses today resemble the shape and structure of the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Ultimately, the Lighthouse outlived the Greek and Roman empires. It was then absorbed into the Arab empire, but its importance waned when Egypt’s capital was moved from Alexandria to Cairo. Having kept mariners safe for centuries, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was finally destroyed by an earthquake sometime around 1375 A.D. Some of its blocks were taken and used to build a castle for the sultan of Egypt; others fell into the ocean. In 1994, French archeologist Jean Yves Empereur, of the French National Research Center,  investigated the harbor of Alexandria and found at least a few of these blocks still in the water. Sources Curlee, Lynn. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Atheneum Books, 2002.Silverberg, Robert. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970.

Innovation of ... (e.g. e-commerce, web-based financial srvice, Research Paper

Innovation of ... (e.g. e-commerce, web-based financial srvice, paperless office, or ...) - Research Paper Example Special cases are presented on Business to Consumer markets to show its growing popularity from the consumers’ side. Website companies are cited which owing to web interface technology is increasing its revenues and customer base. In total, the paper analyses the innovation of electronic commerce technology from different angles to show its growing impact on the world economy. Advancements made in technological, social and organizational fields helped in expanding the horizon of electronic commerce to enter the realm of web-internet in the spring of 1993. Prior to this event electronic commerce depended on telecommunication technology as its medium of trade. Organizational and Social activities have become dependent on electronic commerce owing to its web-interface. In this connection, the ambit of electronic commerce now covers a broad range of activities in the fields of commerce, collaboration, communication, connection and computation. Electronic Commerce functioning along these varied fields have opened opportunities in innovation of the same. Opportunities identified along the business and social spheres include addressing larger markets, enlarging the scope of collaboration with business partners globally, transformation of business processes and working on the development to make electronic communication much faster. (Zwass, 2003) In this context Stratum Media, an electronic commerce technology developer in United Kingdom announced on the development of â€Å"Eros† technology, which an online vendor of Consumer Electronics and Home Appliances is using to promote its products. (Hollander, 1999) Further observation states that the internet web earns its success in becoming a global infrastructure for electronic commerce activities. The internet web acts as a link between the technology and innovation interface and business organizations. Internet web works towards being a global model for sharing of